john "cherokee" vann
Considered to be the first white settler in Hamilton County, John McDonald emigrated from Scotland to Charleston, South Carolina, in 1766. Marriage records for Cooweescoowee District, 1867-1898. Otherwise a small mistake could waste a great deal of time and end in frustration. As part of this process, the Commission either accepted or rejected applicants for tribal membership based on whether the tribal government had previously recognized the applicant as a member of the tribe and other legal requirements. He is best known for joining the Confederate . Ross's great-grandmother Ghigooie, a full-blood Cherokee, had married William Shorey, a Scottish interpreter. Secretary of War John C. Calhoun pressed Ross to cede large tracts of land in Tennessee and Georgia. The Cherokee refused to attend a meeting in Nashville that Jackson proposed. In about 1817, the family migrated from Weakley County, Tennessee, to the Missouri Territory and settled on the Jean Petit River in what is now Arkansas. In the 1830s gold was discovered in their Nation, this became a catalyst for removal. At first the majority supported the Confederacy, which protected their slaveholdings. Township Plats, Cherokee Nation. They gained their social status from her people. How would slave ownership prove civilization? Some remained in North Carolina. They list the names of individuals, their age, and other details about each person enumerated. In total, he earned upwards of $1,000 a year ($15,967 in today's terms). Holly Cemetery.[10]. On December 8, 1829, President Andrew Jackson made a speech announcing his intention to pass a bill through Congress by the following spring requiring Indian tribes living in the Southeastern states to move west of the Mississippi and cede their land claims in the East.[25]. John Thompson Drew (1796 - August 25, 1865) was a mixed blood military and political leader of the Cherokee Nation. Descendants: Born in 1790 to a Scottish trader and a woman of Indian and European heritage, he was only one-eighth Cherokee by blood. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Template:Otherpeople John Ross (October 3, 1790 - August 1, 1866), also known as Guwisguwi (a mythological or rare migratory bird), was Principal Chief of the Cherokee Native American Nation from 1828-1866. It was passed through the. Others, who came to believe that further resistance would be futile, wanted to seek the best settlement they could get and formed the "Treaty Party," or "Ridge Party," led by Major Ridge. Smith and Miles agree that much of early American history is explained poorly by modern morality but effectively by simple economics and power dynamics. Chorus (after each verse): Way, ay, yah ugh! Cherokee Removal. The commissions mission was to divide tribal land into plots which were then divided among the members of the tribe. [52], After the war, the two factions of the Cherokee tried to negotiate separately with the US government Southern Treaty Commission. In November 1818, just before the General Council meeting with U.S. Indian agent Joseph McMinn, who was assigned to deal with the Cherokee, Ross became president of the National Committee, a position he would hold through 1827. Some vital records for the Cherokee Nation include: In 1936, the Oklahoma Historical Society and University of Oklahoma requested a writer's project grant from the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in which interviews would be conducted with early settlers in Oklahoma who had lived on Indian land. Quick access. The Cherokee were considered sovereign enough to legally resist the government of Georgia, and they were encouraged to do so. Cherokee National Male Seminary 1876-1909. I dont know why our brains make it so hard to compute that Jackson had a terrible Indian policyandradically expanded American democracy, Smith said, or that John Ross was a skillful leader for the Cherokee nation who fought the criminal policy of removal with every ounce of strength, butalsoa man who deeply believed in and practiced the enslavement of black people., As Paul Chaat Smith said to conclude his remarks, the best maxim to take to heart when confronting this sort of history may be a quote from African anti-colonial leaderAmlcar Cabral: Tell no lies, and claim no easy victories.. [57] It contains his former home, the John Ross House, where he lived from 18301838 until the state seized his lands near the Coosa River. The Old Settlers soon realized that the mixed-blood Cherokee who had arrived were beginning to take control. [34], Returning to his home[when?] The Cherokee Nation began to assimilate with European-American culture in the 1820s. John Ross remarried in 1844, to Mary Stapler (18261865), whom he survived by less than a year. This is another halyard chantey. For museum curator Paul Chaat Smith (Comanche), who has overseen the design and opening of the widely lauded Americans exhibition now on view on the museums third floor, it is imperative to provide the museum-going public with an unflinching history, even when doing so is painful. The Eastern Band of Cherokees traces its origin to the more than 1,000 Cherokee members who eluded forced movement westward in 1838-39 by remaining in the mountains. Both Pathkiller and Charles R. Hicks died in January 1827. Secretary of War Lewis Cass believed this was yet another ploy to delay action on removal for an additional year, and threatened to sign the treaty with John Ridge. Ridge and Ross did not have irreconcilable worldviews; neither believed that the Cherokee could fend off Georgian usurpation of Cherokee land. n.d. Oklahoma Historical Society. The Cherokee were not originally one tribe but were separated into bands by geographic features and language dialects. The issue of slavery soon refueled the old divisions. In 1824, Ross boldly petitioned Congress for redress of Cherokee grievances, which made the Cherokee the first tribe ever to do so. To become a citizen of the (federally recognized) Cherokee Nation theres no need for a DNA test. It also doesnt matter whether your parents were ever registered. [10] Quatie Ross died in 1839 in Arkansas on the Trail of Tears as discussed below. Be open-minded about family stories that may have been passed down. . [59][60], National Public Radio correspondent Steve Inskeep suggested that the US $20 bill be modified to carry images of both John Ross and Andrew Jackson, "illustrating our democratic experience."[61]. Others were recorded as supplements to the "Indian Census Rolls." Marie and the War of 1812". After a reorganization of the tribal government around 1818, he was made Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation-West.Jolly was a wealthy slave-owning planter, cow rancher, and merchant. The Act initiated a policy of removal of Native Americans tribes living east of the Mississippi River to land west of the river. John Ross made an unlikely looking Cherokee chief. Sequoya (George Grist) a mixed blood, developed the Cherokee alphabet, helping to make the tribe a literate people. They made him a slave in Alabam', He run away every time he can. Ross, as president of the National Committee, and Major Ridge, as speaker of the National Council, were responsible for the affairs of the tribe. Sailors might have learned the song from freed . Records of the Moravians Among the Cherokees. Their surviving children were Annie Brian Ross Dobson (18451876) and John Ross Jr. (18471905). They knew exactly what they were doing. Described as the Moses of his people, Ross led the Nation through tumultuous years of development, relocation to Oklahoma, and the American Civil War. After moving to California in 1850, he began to write. At a general assembly on August 21, 1861, Ross ended his speech by announcing that in the interests of tribal and inter-Indian unity it was time to agree on an alliance with the Confederate States of America. . The Rev. Bureau of Indian Affairs. In fact, non is accepted by the tribe. They shipped him 'board of a . They educated their children in bi-cultural and multilingual environments. The answer, Miles contends, is that in capitalism-crazed America, slaves became tokens of economic success. However, Ross had by then persuaded Johnson to reject a particularly harsh treaty version favored by Cooley. Despite a sustained, courageouscampaignon the part of John Ross to preserve his peoples property rights, including multiple White House visits with Jackson, in the end the influx of white settlers and economic incentives made the bills momentum insuperable. The state did not do so until almost 20 years later. The Eastern Band, the Cherokee Nation and the Keetoowah. Alabama John Cherokee Way, ay, yah ugh! Principal Chief of the Cherokee NationEast, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ross_(Cherokee_chief)&oldid=1136190346, Burials at Wilmington and Brandywine Cemetery, Native Americans in the American Civil War, Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee Nation (17941907), Short description is different from Wikidata, TEMP Infobox Native American leader with para 'known' or 'known for', Articles containing Cherokee-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from January 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, John Ross's life and the Trail of Tears are dramatized in Episode 3 of the, Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (1824-present), Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory (18391907), United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (1939present), This page was last edited on 29 January 2023, at 04:51. It authorized the president to set aside lands west of the Mississippi to exchange for the lands of the Indian nations in the Southeast. In January 1835 the factions were again in Washington. Tribal Councilor Jack Baker said he believes "blood law" was the basis for the . Nobody does. And yet, Smith is firm in his belief that it is a museums duty to embrace and elucidate ambiguity, not sweep it under the rug in the pursuit of some cleaner fiction. C. 2010. FS Library microfiche number: 6,016,865 (first fiche number), The FamilySearch Catalog has over 1670 records of interest to the Cherokee Indians. [54] A few months later, the Cherokee Nation returned his remains to the Ross Cemetery at Park Hill, Indian Territory (now Cherokee County, Oklahoma) for interment. According to a popular legend, derived from a letter written by a former soldier named John Burnett, fifty-two years after the fact, Quatie became ill after giving her coat to a child who was crying because of the cold. For more information about these records click here. He described Ross as the father of the Cherokee Nation, a Moses who "ledhis people in their exodus from the land of their nativity to a new country, and from the savage state to that of civilization. Pictures of their typical homes, as well as the homes of Chief John Ross and Major Ridge are shown. Each side-Major Ridge's Treaty Party and Ross's supporters- accused the other of working for personal financial gain. Ross died on August 1, 1866 in Washington, D.C. while still negotiating a final treaty with the federal government. The Cherokee absorbed mixed-race descendants born to its women. Success begins with some understanding of Cherokee genealogy because it differs from standard genealogical practices. There was the possibility that the next President might be more favorably inclined. Early History of the Cherokees Embracing Aboriginal Customs, Religion, Laws, Fork Lore and Civilization. Birth 1746 - Eastern, Tennessee, United States. [23] In a letter dated February 23, 1827, to Colonel Hugh Montgomery, the Cherokee agent, Ross wrote that with the death of Hicks, he had assumed responsibility for all public business of The Nation. David Hayes, Environmental Specialist IV. United States. Even though his health was worsening, Ross left Park Hill, where he was staying with his niece, on November 9, 1865, to meet with President Andrew Johnson. Calhoun offered two solutions to the Cherokee delegation: either relinquish title to their lands and remove west, or accept denationalization and become citizens of the United States. Oklahoma Historical Society. Preserve your family's Cherokee heritage. In November 1817, the Cherokee formed the National Council. Find out if you are a Cherokee by having your ancestor's name checked to the 1924 Baker Roll. In truth, Smith said, the Cherokee and other Civilized Tribes were not that complicated. (According to blood quantum policy of modern times, he would be counted as one-eighth Cherokee, but this misses how he identified and was acculturated.). Under the matrilineal kinship system of the Cherokee, Ross and his siblings were considered born to his mother's family and Bird Clan. Born in 1796, there is little written about his life until he led a company of Cherokee emigrants from Georgia to Indian Territory. Cherokee Almanac. Box 948Tahlequah, OK 74465Phone: 918-453-5000Website, Cherokee Heritage Center - Cherokee National Historical Society21192 S. Keller Drive Park Hill, OK 74451 Phone: 918-456-6007PO Box 515Tahlequah, OK 74465-0515Cherokee Heritage Center Website. This group included over two thousand members of a traditionalist and abolitionist society, the Keetoowah Society. He is best remembered as the leader of the Cherokees during the time of great factional debates in the 1830s over the issue of relocating to Indian Territory (Oklahoma). In the summer of 1830, Jackson urged the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw and Creek to sign individual treaties accepting removal from their homelands. Were the Cherokee given smallpox blankets on the Trail of Tears? After the Union forces abandoned their forts in Indian Territory, Ross reversed himself and signed a treaty with the Confederacy. The Western or Oklahoma Cherokee (Cherokee Nation). Ross spent his childhood with his parents near Lookout Mountain. Degree: Bachelor of Science in Environmental Management from Northeastern State University. Some Cherokee, particularly those tied to the pro-treaty party, claimed that Chief John Ross knew about the assassinations beforehand. He fought under General Andrew Jackson at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend against the British-allied Upper Creek warriors, known as the Red Sticks. They largely supported his earlier opinion that the "Indian Question" was one that was best handled by the federal government, and not local authorities. View more facts for vann. To enforce the treaty, the US government ordered the US Army to move those who did not depart by 1838; they rounded up all the people from numerous villages and towns and accompanied them to the west. Many of its members are traditionalists and Baptists. [2] An index to the Indian Pioneer Papers may also be found at OKGenWeb Oklahoma Genealogy. Inskeep, Steve (5 May 2015). 1835 Henderson Roll (Eastern Cherokee) (most detailed census) enumerated 16,000 Cherokees residing in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina and Tennessee. The City of Chattanooga named the Market Street Bridge in Ross's honor, and a bust of Ross stands on the north side of the Hamilton County Courthouse lawn. You may be surprised to learn that theres usually no need to trace your Cherokee ancestry very far through history. In deciding who would be eligible for an allotment of Cherokee land, this information was used to decide who was considered a Cherokee. Ross initially counseled neutrality, since he believed that joining in the "white man's war" would be disastrous for the future unity of their tribe. New search. [47], By 1863, the flight of many Cherokee voters to refuge in Kansas and Texas provided the pro-Confederate Treaty Party an opportunity to elect Stand Watie as principal chief without them. All told, the process of removal claimed more than 11,000 Indian lives2,000-4,000 of them Cherokee. In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia,' Chief Justice John Marshall acknowledged that the Cherokee were a sovereign nation, stating, "[T]he Cherokees as a state, as a distinct political society, separated from others, capable of managing its own affairs and governing itself, has, in the opinion of a majority of the judges, been completely successful.". Some were included in the unindexed reports and other correspondence of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. In 1832, the Supreme Court further defined the relation of the federal government and the Cherokee Nation. By Benjamin Greenleaf, Five Civilized Indian Tribes Land Allotment Records, 1899-1907, (. On October 17, 1828 the Cherokee elected John Ross as principal chief. John Bland - 1. Cherokee were sometimes listed as white or mulatto on U.S. government censuses, or not included at all. Perversely, Native American ownership of black slaves came about as a way for Native Americans to illustrate their societal sophistication to white settlers. This assertion is based on the records of the Congressional Serial Set, which are incomplete. At the Finding Common Ground event, she meticulously laid out primary-source evidence to paint a picture of Indian/African-American relations in the years leading up to the Civil War. At the same time, those Cherokee families in west pleaded with the Easterners to join them. Hicks's brother, William, was appointed interim chief. Cookie Policy Educated in English by white men in a frontier American environment, Ross spoke the Cherokee language poorly. He is also a published crossword constructor and a voracious consumer of movies and video games. During the War of 1812, he served as an adjutant in a Cherokee regiment. Allen's letter, is said to be in the possession of the Oklahoma State Historical Society. There is, however, almost no evidence to support the claim. Many full-blood Cherokee frequented his father's trading company, so he encountered tribal members on many levels. Mostly descendants of Old Settlers, Cherokee who migrated to Arkansas and Oklahoma about 1817, before the forced relocation of Cherokee from the Southeast in the 1830s under the Indian Removal Act. by Sandi Garrett FS Library book 970.3 C424gs Vol 1-6. Ross then learned agents of Georgia had given Carter possession of the house earlier in the week, after evicting his family. [49] When he returned for Mary in 1865, he found her gravely ill with what was diagnosed as "lung congestion" (likely tuberculosis). Ross found support in Congress from individuals in the National Republican Party, such as senators Henry Clay (Kentucky), Theodore Frelinghuysen, and Daniel Webster (Massachusetts), and representatives Ambrose Spencer and David (Davy) Crockett. By 1820 a group that had tired of the encroachment by settlers migrated to Indian Territory which is now Arkansas. Instead, the stranger followed him to the door, identified himself as Stephen Carter and told Ross that he now owned the property and had papers to prove it. Other tribal members living in Tennessee and North Carolina towns were not immediately found and removed. The following is a FS Library book which is an ebook and may be downloaded. Early Contact and the Establishment of the First Mission 1752-1802. [3][4] His siblings who survived to adulthood included Jane Ross Coodey (17871844), Elizabeth Grace Ross Ross (17891876), Lewis Ross (17961870), Andrew 'Tlo-s-ta-ma' Ross (17981840), Margaret Ross Hicks (18031862), and Maria Ross Mulkey (18061838). Funeral services were held at 2 p.m. Friday, March 9, in Charles George Gymnasium. Danny Spooner sings John Cherokee. They were unanimously opposed to further cession of land. The city of Rossville, Georgia, located just south of the Tennessee state line, is named for Ross. Thereafter Ross made more trips to Washington, even as white demands intensified. Ross attempted to restore political unity after his people reached Indian Territory. In 1816, he built a warehouse and trading post on the Tennessee River north of the mouth of Chattanooga Creek, and started a ferry service that carried passengers from the south side of the river (Cherokee Nation) to the north side (USA). Dale Banks and Ray Kinsland officiated. The commissioner of Indian Affairs, Dennis N. Cooley, was persuaded to believe allegations by Stand Watie and Elias Cornelius Boudinot that Ross was a dictator who did not truly represent the Cherokee people. With great difficulty (and private donations), Ross was able to pay the Cherokee Nation's legal bills. of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma. For more information about treaties, click here. Between 1790 and 1845, the Cherokee . At the age of twenty, having completed his education and with bilingual skills, Ross received an appointment as US Indian agent to the western Cherokee and was sent to their territory (in present-day Arkansas). John P. continued to practice as a sole practitioner until the return of his son John M. Loughlin, who joined the firm in 2010 after his graduation from the Creighton University School of Law. They were working hard to comply with government dictates that told native people that in order to be protected and secure in their land base, they had to prove their level of civilization, Miles explained. Cherokee Emigration Rolls, 1817-1835. by Jack D. Baker. Short, slight and . Men who were not Cherokee and married into a Cherokee household had to be adopted into a clan by a clan mother; he could not take his wifes clan. After being educated at home, Ross pursued higher studies with the Reverend Gideon Blackburn, who established two schools in southeast Tennessee for Cherokee children. List of treaties of the Confederate States of America, Robert Bieder, "Sault-Ste. Ross was able to argue subtle points about legal responsibilities as well as whites. The home was looted and burned. [50] Ross's oldest son, James, who had gone to Park Hill searching for supplies, was captured and sent to prison in the Confederacy, where he died. A spouse and even children didnt always take the surname of their parent. Marie and the War of 1812". Ross's daughter Jane and her husband, Andrew Nave, were living at Rose Cottage at the time. Another group of Cherokee headed by Chief Drowning Bear split from the rest of the tribe and settled in North Carolina. May 8, 2014. The Cherokee Phoenix is a tribal media organization. However, Ross's nephew by marriage, John Drew, had organized and served as Colonel of the 1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles in the Confederate Army. The Cherokee Tribe was under the following jurisdictions: Blackburn, Bob L. "Battle Cry for History: The First Century of the Oklahoma Historical Society." During the latter part of the 18th Century and most of the 19th Century, treaties were negotiated between the federal government and individual native tribes. The Confederates lost the war, Watie became the last Confederate general to surrender, and Ross returned to his post as principal chief. [3][4] His mother and grandmother were of mixed race, but also considered part of their mother's Cherokee family and clan, and were brought up primarily in Cherokee culture. Lists of North Carolina Cherokee who removed to the Cherokee Nation West, Cherokee (Tahlequah). Mother . In 1817, John became one of thirteen people to form a national council for the Cherokee. As the time came for Ross to return to the Indian Territory, their mutual love ripened. NAID 131051882 - National Archives Catalog, U.S. Army Indian Campaign Service Records Index, 1815-1858, FS Library film 1666331 item 3 and item 8, University of Oklahoma Western History Collection, http://cherokeenativeamericans.blogspot.com, Cherokee Nation Indian Territory Research, The U.S. Eastern Cherokee or Guion Miller Roll, Dawes Commission Enrollment Records for Five U.S. Indian Tribes, Indigenous Peoples of the United States Enrollment Records, http://digital.libraries.ou.edu/whc/pioneer/, Federally Recognized Tribes of the United States, National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=Cherokee_Nation&oldid=5176286, 1710-1715 The Cherokee and Chickasaw were allies with the British and fought the Shawnee who were alies with the French, Cherokee Nation created and divided into the following, Benjamin Greenleaf. In 1827 Ross moved to Rome, Georgia, to be closer to New Echota, the Cherokee capital. [29], McLean's advice precipitated a split within the Cherokee leadership as John Ridge and Elias Boudinot began to doubt Ross's leadership. And what you may not know is that the federal policy of Indian removal, which ranged far beyond the Trail of Tears and the Cherokee, was not simply the vindictive scheme of Andrew Jackson, but rather a popularly endorsed, congressionally sanctioned campaign spanning the administrations of nine separate presidents. Jackson signed the Act on May 23. Registered Environmental Specialist. Ross began a series of business ventures which made him among the wealthiest of all Cherokee. Throughout much of the 1840s Federal agents searched the mountains of North Carolina in attempts to remove the refugees to the Indian Territory. The elder Ross insisted that John also receive a rigorous classical education. A Cherokee named Sequoyah created their own written language and started a newspaper called the Cherokee Phoenix. That wealth of knowledge can make your task much easier. One of the oldest surviving homes in the Chattanooga area, it has been designated as a National Historic Landmark. Americanswill be on view at the National Museum of the American Indian through 2022. John Ridge introduced a resolution at the national council meeting in October 1832 to send a delegation to Washington to discuss a removal treaty with President Jackson. He held about 20 enslaved African Americans to cultivate and process this labor-intensive crop.[11][12]. When Ross and the Cherokee delegation failed in their efforts to protect Cherokee lands through dealings with the executive branch and Congress, Ross took the radical step of defending Cherokee rights through the U.S. courts. Marriages for Flint District, 1874-1895. In 1816 he founded Ross's Landing, served by a ferry crossing. Boyle brings more than 25 years of industry-leading experience to the new role, where he will support the company's growth strategy and vision. Most Cherokee still spoke only Cherokee. The other tribes signed off on Jackson's terms.[27]. FS Library 970.3 C424sea WorldCat. Marriage Records for the Saline District of the Cherokee Nation, 1868-1894. His eldest daughter, Sarah, cared for her younger siblings and befriended Ross. Cherokee Agency, M 595, births and deaths 1924-1932. In 1838 and 1839 U.S. troops, prompted by the state of Georgia, expelled the Cherokee Indians from their ancestral homeland in the Southeast and removed them to the Indian Territory in what is now Oklahoma. Such memberships did not entitle the persons to voting or any other tribal rights, and had nothing to do with claims of Cherokee ancestry. "A Final Resting Place". He led a faction that became known as the National Party. Birth 1540 - N. Carolina. FS Library Book 970.3 C424co. The removal to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) occurred in the winter of 1838-1839, with an 800 mile journey, this became known as the "Trail of Tears", with a loss of one-fourth of their tribe. Indian Archives Division. Tiya Miles, an African-American historian at the University of Michigan, agrees. The Treaty Party became known as the "Southern Party," but the National Party largely became the "Union Party." During the War of 1812, he served as adjutant of a Cherokee regiment under the command of Andrew Jackson. In Rome, Ross established a ferry along the headwaters of the Coosa River close to the home of Major Ridge, an older wealthy and influential Cherokee leader. What the slaveholding of Ross and other Civilized Nations leaders does mean, however, is that our assumptions regarding clearly differentiated heroes and villains are worth pushing back on. The Cherokee had created a constitutional republic with delegated authority capable of formulating a clear, long-range policy to protect national rights. Cherokee. The court maintained that the Cherokee Nation was dependent on the federal government, much like a protectorate state, but still a sovereign entity. Towns were not originally one tribe but were separated into bands by geographic features and dialects. Among the members of a Cherokee regiment worldviews ; neither believed that the mixed-blood Cherokee who removed to Indian... 12 ] on the Records of the Cherokee elected John Ross as principal Chief a spouse and even didnt! Developed the Cherokee Nation theres no need to trace your Cherokee ancestry very far through history, whom survived! Calhoun pressed Ross to cede large tracts of land he founded Ross 's Landing, served by a ferry.. Signed off on Jackson 's terms. [ 27 ] large tracts of land in Tennessee and.... 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Came for Ross # x27 ;, he served as an adjutant in a Cherokee.! Signed off on Jackson 's terms ) it differs from standard genealogical practices in. Indian Affairs became tokens of economic success x27 ;, he began to write `` Indian Census Rolls ''...
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