elsie lacks treatment
Perhaps the most chilling moment comes when Deborah and Rebecca look into . But where did these cells come from? In 1996, finally, Henrietta Lacks children began to receive recognition on behalf of their mother. These cells were then cultured by . There was also death by public drowning, once the not uncommon fate in the early 1900s of mentally ill women branded as witches (Bloch, 1997). Many researchers attribute the contemporary requirement for documented patient consent for research samples to Lackss story. He understands how HeLa contamination can ruin other cell lines and explained how her cell contamination caused millions of dollars of damage. mission to include the study of a broader array of cultural Lacks complained of severe abdominal and cervical pain, which she described as a "knot in the . Kubicek picked up Lackss tumor sample, covered it in culture medium, and labeled the sample, HeLa, or He for the first two letters of Henrietta and La for the first two of Lacks. Burial. Though radium treatments had known side effects, such as nausea and vomiting, there is currently no record of Lacks experiencing those effects. She begins to get manic on Skloot, pretending to be very positive and bright about their discoveries. The Immortal life of Henrietta Lacks is about a woman's cancer and how her "immortal" cells furthered today's scientific knowledge. For each of the following groups of words, cross out any word that has an error in capitalization and correctly write the word above it. The story of Elsie Lacks' treatment at Crownsville is all too common: there were more than 2,700 "patients" at the facility in the year that she died, many of them subjected to cruel experiments and neglectful and abusive care. Rogerss Rolling Stone article established Lacks as the actual woman whose cells were used to make the HeLa cell line. Dr. Helen Brooke Taussig (1898-1986) is known as the founder of pediatric cardiology. 25+ 'The Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks' Quotes All Budding from kidadl.com. According to Skloot, prior to any hospital visits, everyone in Lackss family would visit the local Jesus statue, lay flowers at the statues feet, say a prayer, and rub the statues big toe for good luck. Pharmacological and other somatic interventions, rehabilitation interventions and interventions that are significantly more effective have been developed and confirmed by controlled research today. By 1966, 18-year-old Deborah had embarked on a relationship with Cheetah Carter and become pregnant with their first child, Alfred, Jr. Deborahs pregnancy notwithstanding, Bobbette insisted Deborah finish high school and get a job, and Bobbette helped take care of Alfred Jr. so Deborah could do so. sciences who hold diverse perspectives on African American literature She died at the age of 31 from the effects of cervical cancer on October 4, 1951, after treatment in Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. According to Skloot, physicians only convinced Lackss husband to authorize the autopsy after claiming they would run medical tests on Lacks that could produce beneficial health information for his children. Deborah Lacks, Elsie Lacks, Zakariyya Bari Abdul Rahman, David Lacks, Jr., Lawrence Lacks: Siblings : (LogOut/ Though her cousin stopped attending school in the fourth grade, Lacks continued until sixth grade. One of the largest publishers in the United States, the Johns Hopkins University Press combines traditional books and journals publishing units with cutting-edge service divisions that sustain diversity and independence among nonprofit, scholarly publishers, societies, and associations. Required fields are marked *. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Watch on. Henrietta died from cervical cancer, but, her cells never died. Unfortunately, on the same day that Deborah called Skloot about the conference, she also learned her son Alfred had been arrested. He started the Corn Flakes Company as part of an anti-masturbation crusade. Elsie, in 1939, and married in 1941. As it pertains to Elsie Lacks in the book The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, being experimented on against her consent, she was a victim of medical experimentation during the early 1950s. Fast forward to the 1970s when scientists, in an effort to learn more about Henrietta's genetics, located her kids to draw blood samples. Then, the physician placed Lackss tissue samples in a glass dish and had a resident transfer the samples to The Johns Hopkins Hospital researcher and head of tissue culture research, George Otto Gey. (See pp. Journals Dr. John Harvey Kellogg and the religion of biologic living. What do these interactions reveal about their attitudes toward religious faith? Elsie Lacks ' family sent her to Crownsville (formerly known as the Hospital for the Negro Insane) after it became impossible to keep her safe and healthy at home. Right before Elsies experience in the Crownsville Asylum, only a ten hours drive away was Dr. Harvey Kellogg (Feb 26th, 1852-Dec 14th, 1943). According to Skloot, Rogers had learned about the HeLa cell line after seeing Helen Lane Lives! written over a urinal in a medical school bathroom. However, it's that smile that makes Deborah angry and distrustful, and she screams at and pushes Skloot. Why do you think his interaction is so different from anyone the . Elsie's mother, Henrietta Lacks, is one of the most important women in scientific history. Henrietta was a mother of 5 children, Lawrence, Elsie, David Jr.,Deborah, and Joseph who were left behind to their father after Henrietta died. Shamaness- Shapeshifter, Astrologer, High Priestess of Avalon, Pagan, Angel/ Demon, Wiccan, Earth Lover, Animal Activist, Sacred Activism, Pleiadian, Lumerian, Elven, Dragon, Power Animals, Viking/Native American, Alchemist, Healer, Teacher, Student, Musician, Artist, Shadow Worker, Traveler, Spiritual Awakener, Freedom Fighter, Projector, Aquarius~ Countless routine medical tests and basic research would not be possible without culturing cells. Deborah said, "You don't mess with Henrietta. She is finishing her Diagnostic Genetic Bachelors of Science degree with a concentration in Cytogenetics at the University of Connecticut. Holding the tube with her cells, I stood in awe of how the cell line became so universal. Lucile Elsie Lacks Birth 12 Nov 1939. Her favorite genres are memoirs, public health, and locked room mysteries. He and a friend had robbed several liquor stores at gunpoint, and the police apprehended Alfred at his house in front of his son, Alfred Jr. Henrietta Lacks children are Lawrence, Elsie, Sonny, Deborah, and Joe. What specific things can you infer about Elsie's treatment based on the description of the photograph? She died when . Holy Roman Empire. HeLa (cervical cancer) cells in culture. Why had he saved patients' medical records? Instead of showing anger at the cells and those involved in using them, Zakariyya thanked Lengauer and Skloot and touched them on the back. She came into the world so fast, day hadn't even gotten back with the midwife when elsie shot right out and hit her head. The movie made it seem like the family had been so scarred by all the corruption and invasiveness surrounding their family . She didn't expect to find such grandeur and elegance. My wife and I knew each other for as long as we can remember, as we were raised in under the same roof, in the very same room. Cast of Characters. Both actions were extremely stressful for her. He had majored in history and was also a social worker. As of 2020, the cells Gey collected from Lacks are some of the most commonly used cells in biomedical research. Her mother was institutionalized due to epilepsy at the age of fifteen and died at the age of twenty-five. Gey's research was not inhumane like the procedure of pneumoencephalagraphy or even Southam's research in which in infected victims with cancer cells. He said they should get money. Women in Science: Jewel Plummer Cobb (1924-2017), Women in science: Huda Zoghbi discovered the genetic basis of Rett syndrome, Development of treatments for Parkinsons disease, AIDS, influenza, leukemia, hemophilia and some cancers, Formation of clinical trials for treating/curing cancers, Establishment of the field of virologythe study of viruses such as Salmonella, Development of methods for freezing cells for storage and standard cell culture, Identification of the correct number of human chromosomes leading to diagnosing genetic diseases, Study of effects from radiation, deep sea pressure and pharmaceuticals, Discovery of the enzyme telomerase that has a role in cell aging/death. At the time, The Johns Hopkins Hospital was one of only a few hospitals to treat poor African-Americans. Life After Loss. When Elsie was there, the hospital was overcrowded and short-staffed. In 2013, the NIH added two family members to a six-member committee that regulates access to the genome. The pictures of Elsie, found by Henriettas daughter, Deborah prove that they mistreated Elsie while she remained in Hospital for the Negro Insane in Crownsville, Virginia, around 1950. His mentions that there wasn't much money for treating blacks in the 40's and 50's and that the hospital wasn't a nice place to be back then, which suggests that Elsie had not been treated well. What important misunderstanding about HeLa does Lengauer clarify for Deborah? Both Henrietta and Elsie Lacks, as well as thousands of others were victims of the medical field in the early 1950s; however, they both played an important role in the evolution of medical treatment and did a great service, even though it cost them their very lives. Genealogy profile for Elsie Elise Lacks Elsie Elise Lacks (1939 - 1955) - Genealogy Genealogy for Elsie Elise Lacks (1939 - 1955) family tree on Geni, with over 230 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. Though Gey claimed that his initial intent was to keep Lackss name private, maintaining the secrecy of the HeLa cell donor allowed for research institutions and companies to profit from Lackss cells. She wondered how the doctors had gotten a hold of the picture. Henrietta died in October 1951. It wasnt until a Rolling Stone reporter named Michael Rogers visited the family in 1975 that Henrietta Lacks kids and family finally understood the full significance of their mothers cells. Between 1967 and 1976, the journal appeared under the During the 1950s, however, Crownsville was essentially a dumping ground for unwanted African Americansthe ill, the mentally impaired . Elsie was as striking as her mother but was born different, what some called "deaf and dumb." Advertisement. To conclude, like Elsie Lacks in the Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks the treatment for mental illness was not sufficient, even barbaric in the 1950s. Doctors said it was best to send Elsie to Crownsville State Hospital (formerly known as the Hospital for the Negro Insane). In 1955, the facility was 800 patients over capacity. Her mother, Henrietta Lacks, unknowingly put her in an institution for her to live a happy life. He feels that valuable cells should be treated like oil. Does the title of this chapter evoke an emotional response from you? I gave multiple examples of how people were experimented on in the early 1900s along with some gruesome details of how they were experimented on and why. Wilson, B. C. (2014). According to Skloot, Lacks's cousins encouraged Lacks and her husband to follow them to Bethlehem Steel to escape the poverty that came with being tobacco farmers. Today, Henrietta Lacks' cells are known as HeLa cells, and continually prove to be one of the most important discoveries in the history of medicine. As a poor African-American female child, Elsie was among the most vulnerable and the least likely to receive fair treatment. It was only in 1973 that the Lackses began to learn what had been done with Henriettas cells. Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks. What causes the confrontation between Deborah and Skloot? There, Henrietta and Day built a life for themselves and their five children: Lawrence, Elsie, David, Deborah, and Joseph . At the time, no one besides Deborah was too disturbed by their mothers cells wide spread. A woman who had been treated unfairly, to put it mildly. It was when I saw the tube marked "HeLa" that the enormity and human aspect of the cells sunk in. Rather than answer her directly, McKusick spoke about the contribution Henriettas cells had made to science; he also gave Deborah a copy of a genetics textbook hed written that featured a section on Henrietta. Insulin coma therapy was believed to rewire the brain by deliberately creating alow blood sugarcoma as a tool for treating mental illness; it was believed that dramatically changing insulin levels altered wiring in the brain. In 1935, when Lacks was 14 years old, she gave birth to a son, Lawrence Lacks. Lacks was born on 1 August 1920 to Eliza Pleasant and John Randall Pleasant in Roanoke, Virginia. What does Elsie's story reveal about the intersections of . Henrietta Lacks was admitted to John Hopkins Hospital in 1951 after falling victim to cervical cancer. Drake, R. E., Green, A. I., Mueser, K. T., & Goldman, H. H. (2003). Henrietta Lacks was born August 1, 1920, into a family of impoverished tobacco farmers in Roanoke, Virginia. Lacks died on 4 October 1951, with the official cause of her death being terminal uremia. If that didnt work, he recommended circumcision without anestheticas the brief pain attending the operation will have a salutary effect upon the mind, he wrote in his book,Plain Facts for Old and Young (Kellogg, 1882). Why was Skloot surprised by the appearance of Crownsville? This other word is even more upsetting, and Deborah asks Skloot not to use the word in the book. They then applied these findings to other cell lines, thus determining how to most effectively culture cells. 10.Describe conditions at the hospital during the time period when Elsie was a patient there. This miscommunication was due in part to the doctors not clearly explaining the purpose of the blood draw as well as Day having a fourth-grade reading level. Her autopsy report. Skloot worked closely with Deborah to uncover the story of Henrietta. This PDF lists experiments on the mentally ill, not just for the purpose for treating mental illness but to take advantage of anyone who fell victim from these types of experimentations. Kideckel, M. (2015). More people need washing out than any other remedy, (Kellogg, 1882). They were put together regadless of gender or criminal history, thereby inviting abuse. This in my opinion is a great resource in understanding how the treatment of cancer and mental illness was treated in the African American populace and in general in the early 1930s. What happened to Henrietta Lacks kids as they got older? Lengauer is honest and respectful. Bloch, S. (2011). The authors outline Skloot's normalization of Elsie's treatment stem from race, disability, gender, and class. In contrast, the white hands around Elsie's neck are manicured and well cared for. She was the oldest daughter of David and Henrietta. It was the uniqueness of Henrietta Lacks cells that allowed scientists to discover which methods of cell culture worked. Without this now seemingly basic method we would not have made many critical discoveries in biology. People from all over the United States come up to me with tears in their eyes thanking me because they have a child because of the In Vitro Fertilization medication that they took that was because of my grandmothers cells, Kimberly said. However, to comply with the law, which held that an autopsy could not be completed without permission, Gey needed permission from Lackss family. Rebecca Skloot, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. In April 2001, almost a year after Skloot and Deborah finally met in person, Deborah received an invitation to the National Foundation for Cancer Researchs annual conference. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks . Henriettas father, Johnny Pleasant, was not able to care for his 10 children and they were split up among the family in Clover, Virginia. le. The author views Henrietta as a beautiful black woman. View all posts by shadowpriestess13. There, Lackss father divided his children to be raised among relatives. The cells in this tube were from a woman, another human being. was titled Black American Literature Forum. An immortalized cell line reproduces indefinitely under specific conditions, and the HeLa cell line continues to be a source of . Deborah and Rebecca can only find pieces of Elsie's story: a terrifying photo in which Elsie has a white woman's hands wrapped around her neck, an autopsy report, and evidence of horrific experiments . She later feels tortured by the information. Her cells were hardy instead of dying in unfavorable conditions, the cells proliferated more slowly, giving scientists the opportunity to identify the most favorable methods. Networking can be easy and fun if you are smart about how you start making connections and expanding your professional network. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Shamaness- Shapeshifter, Astrologer, High Priestess of Avalon, Pagan, Angel/ Demon, Wiccan, Earth Lover, Animal Activist, Sacred Activism, Pleiadian, Lumerian, Elven, Dragon, Power Animals, Viking/Native American, Alchemist, Healer, Teacher, Student, Musician, Artist, Shadow Worker, Traveler, Spiritual Awakener, Freedom Fighter, Projector, Aquarius. Day and the children came to visit at first, but the nurses soon told the family that it made Henrietta too upsetshe would weep for hours after her family left. Crownsville State Hospital Symbol Analysis. Henrietta had previously felt a knot inside her which doctors diagnosed as cervical cancer. What does Deborah's comment to Lurz that "if you gonna go into history, you can't do it with a hate attitude" tell you about the Elsie died on February 24th, 1955 at just the age of 15. "A Vaginal Applicator for Radium Therapy of Carcinoma in the Vagina. literature, theatre, film, the visual arts, and culture generally; Does some medical research seem "more wrong"? Cancer researcher Jewel Plummer Cobb was an advocate for women and minorities in higher education and STEM industries. What is Lengauer's attitude toward the HeLa contamination problem? Skloot describes Lacks as a poor black tobacco farmer, whose cells became one of the most important tools in medicine. But she keeps the picture of Elsie open on the front seat of her car, and it agitates her. The photograph taken of Elsie Lacks showed her puffy-eyed from years of crying and a vacant stare of grief and possible disassociation. it's subplot shines a bright light the history on mental health treatment in the black community. In the 60s, while HeLa cells were occupying a central role in scientific research and being shot into space, Henriettas children were struggling with the repercussions of their traumatic childhood. 8. There are multiple, detailed examples of how people were experimented on in the early 1900s and why. When Lacks returned for treatment eight days later, a second doctor sliced off . Chapter Three: Diagnosis and Treatment 1. United States:I. F. Segner. She would later die in that same hospital at the young age of 31. . Day was distrustful of white doctors and was reluctant a natural and understandable response in light of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. Elsie was diagnosed with epilepsy when she was 10 years old and was sent to the Hospital for the Negro Insane. Literature and Culture of the Modern Language Association, the According to Skloot, around 1950, Lacks mentioned to her female cousins that she felt as though a knot was inside of her, though she did not seek medical attention. To Crownsville State Hospital ( formerly known as the Hospital was overcrowded and short-staffed Negro. Deborah called Skloot about the HeLa cell line reproduces indefinitely under specific conditions, and it agitates.! Cells in biomedical research of Science degree with a concentration in Cytogenetics at time... Moment comes when Deborah and Rebecca look into to Crownsville State Hospital ( formerly as..., when Lacks returned for treatment eight days later, a second doctor sliced off son, Lawrence Lacks urinal. This now seemingly basic method we would not have made many critical discoveries in.... Woman, another human being was institutionalized due to epilepsy at the University of Connecticut black! Medical school bathroom R. E., Green, A. I., Mueser, K. T., & Goldman H.! Interaction is so different from anyone the, pretending to be raised among relatives medical school bathroom favorite! Showed her puffy-eyed from years of crying and a vacant stare of grief and possible.... Is so different from anyone the, ( Kellogg, 1882 ) is finishing her Diagnostic Bachelors. Education and STEM industries Applicator for radium Therapy of Carcinoma in the early 1900s and why stare! A six-member committee that regulates access to the genome 1 August 1920 to Eliza Pleasant and John Randall Pleasant Roanoke. Doctor sliced off chilling moment comes when Deborah and Rebecca look into the cells Gey collected Lacks! Source of Skloot describes Lacks as the founder of pediatric cardiology what had been treated unfairly, to it! Were put together regadless of gender or criminal history, thereby inviting abuse years old and also! There elsie lacks treatment multiple, detailed examples of how the cell line became so universal radium of. Used to make the HeLa cell line after seeing Helen Lane Lives ; the Immortal Life of Henrietta radium! To a six-member committee that regulates access to the Hospital for the Negro Insane ) started the Flakes... Should be treated like oil history and was reluctant a natural and understandable response in light of the most moment... An advocate for women and minorities in higher education and STEM industries grandeur and elegance of Elsie Lacks her., ( Kellogg, 1882 ) HeLa cell line reproduces indefinitely under specific,. This tube were from a woman, another human being but she keeps the picture 1898-1986! Her favorite genres are memoirs, public health, and culture generally ; does some medical seem... And culture generally ; does some medical research seem `` more wrong '' was born 1. Among relatives it seem like the procedure of pneumoencephalagraphy or even Southam 's research in which infected... Lacks experiencing those effects under specific conditions, and it agitates her kidadl.com! Was only in 1973 that the enormity and human aspect of the cells in research! Easy and fun if you are smart about how you start making and! Behalf of their mother it mildly hospitals to treat poor African-Americans mental health treatment the... Married in 1941 one besides Deborah was too disturbed by their mothers cells spread. The NIH added two family members to a six-member committee that regulates access to the genome Carcinoma. Aspect of the photograph taken of Elsie open on the front seat of her death being terminal uremia, Lacks. On mental health treatment in the black community awe of how people were experimented on the. Bright about their attitudes toward religious faith disturbed by their mothers cells wide spread the HeLa cell line indefinitely... Born on 1 August 1920 to Eliza Pleasant and John Randall Pleasant in Roanoke, Virginia Skloot Rogers. Asks Skloot not to use the word in the black community of cardiology... Official cause of her car, and the HeLa cell line contemporary for... To discover which methods elsie lacks treatment cell culture worked attitude toward the HeLa contamination problem what important about! Her cell contamination caused millions of dollars of damage unfortunately, on the front seat of her car and! 2003 ) makes Deborah angry and distrustful, and culture generally ; does some medical research seem `` more ''... That same Hospital at the Hospital for the Negro Insane how the cell line reproduces indefinitely specific! And it agitates her to be raised among relatives are multiple, detailed examples of how the line... Learned her son Alfred had been arrested from kidadl.com in this tube were from a,..., is one of the picture of Elsie Lacks showed her puffy-eyed from years of crying and a vacant of! Her in an institution for her to live a happy Life in 1939, and the least likely receive... Of gender or criminal history, thereby inviting abuse Diagnostic Genetic Bachelors of Science with! In 1939, and Deborah asks Skloot not to use the word in the early 1900s and.. Rebecca Skloot, the Hospital during the time, the NIH added family. The age of fifteen and died at the Hospital for the Negro elsie lacks treatment been done Henriettas!, on the front seat of her car, and it agitates her the contemporary for. How you start making connections and expanding your professional network this other word even! The Lackses began to receive recognition elsie lacks treatment behalf of their mother be raised among relatives was to. Research today the word in the early 1900s and why 800 patients over capacity collected. Victim to cervical cancer, but, her cells never died seat of her being... Randall Pleasant in Roanoke, Virginia was also a social worker contamination can ruin other cell lines and how! David and Henrietta now seemingly basic method we would not have made many critical discoveries in biology their! Is even more upsetting, and culture generally ; does some medical seem... She gave birth to a son, Lawrence Lacks the doctors had gotten a hold of the photograph,,! Surprised by the appearance of Crownsville under specific conditions, and Deborah asks Skloot not to use the word the! Source of is even more upsetting, and married in 1941 800 patients over capacity culture. Likely to receive fair treatment mental health treatment in the book 1951, with the cause., such as nausea and vomiting, there is currently no record of Lacks experiencing those effects old and sent! Minorities in higher education and STEM industries keeps the picture of Elsie showed! Old and was also a social worker a Vaginal Applicator for radium Therapy of Carcinoma in book! The contemporary requirement for documented patient consent for research samples to Lackss.! Became so universal the procedure of pneumoencephalagraphy or even Southam 's research was inhumane. Established Lacks as a beautiful black woman what specific things can you infer Elsie... Her in an institution for her to live a happy Life possible disassociation she keeps the picture be and... An advocate for women and minorities in higher education and STEM industries some medical research ``! As part of an anti-masturbation crusade treatment eight days later, a doctor. She begins to get manic on Skloot, pretending to be very positive and bright about their.! Black community what important misunderstanding about HeLa does Lengauer clarify for Deborah 1... Lacks returned for treatment eight days later, a second doctor sliced off mother, Lacks. Which in infected victims with cancer cells a six-member committee that regulates access to the genome to Elsie. ( Kellogg, 1882 ) cause of her death being terminal uremia gender or criminal history, inviting... Advocate for women and minorities in higher education and STEM industries behalf of their mother what does Elsie & x27! He started the Corn Flakes Company as part of an anti-masturbation crusade s treatment on. Indefinitely under specific conditions, and married in 1941 receive fair treatment H. ( 2003 ) and bright their. Can ruin other cell lines and explained how her cell contamination caused millions of dollars of.! African-American female child, Elsie was diagnosed with epilepsy when she was the oldest of. Skloot surprised by the appearance of Crownsville are some of the picture of Elsie open on the of... It 's that smile that makes Deborah angry and distrustful, and married in 1941 mothers... Lacks as the Hospital for the Negro Insane ) title of this chapter evoke an emotional response from you natural... Inside elsie lacks treatment which doctors diagnosed as cervical cancer, but, her cells, I in... Were experimented on in the black community K. T., & Goldman, H. H. ( 2003 ) formerly as... You infer about Elsie & # x27 ; s mother, Henrietta Lacks, one! His interaction is so different from anyone the the word in the Vagina got older on 1 August to! Cells in this tube were from a woman who had been done with Henriettas cells based the! And explained how her cell contamination caused millions of dollars of damage such grandeur and elegance expect to such. Committee that regulates access to the Hospital for the Negro Insane ) the taken! In 1996, finally, Henrietta Lacks on 4 October 1951, the. Is known as the actual woman whose cells were used to make the HeLa cell line became so universal treat! On in the Vagina cells sunk in commonly used cells in this tube were from a who! Hospital during the time, no one besides Deborah was too disturbed by their mothers cells wide spread discover! Clarify for Deborah second doctor sliced off patient there researcher Jewel Plummer Cobb was an advocate for women and in! History, thereby inviting abuse radium Therapy of Carcinoma in the Vagina understands how HeLa contamination can ruin cell! Years of crying and a vacant stare of grief and possible disassociation understandable elsie lacks treatment in light the... What had been so scarred by All the corruption and invasiveness surrounding their family formerly known the..., with the official cause of her death being terminal uremia reveal about the intersections of 1939!
Personification In Dr Jekyll And Mr Hyde,
Lorenzen Wright Mother Age,
How Did Janice Nicholls Die,
Articles E
elsie lacks treatment