rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom
On December 24, 1568, Moriscos in Granada staged a rebellion and fought royal armies for nearly two years. His numerous affairs (sexual relationships with women other than his wife) both scandalized and impressed his countrymen. Yet the treaty was ineffective because the French almost immediately began giving aid to the Netherlands. France allied with the Protestants and against the Austrians and the Spanish. 11 unique nations and growing: You can choose to become either Rome, Germany, Britain, France, Spain, China, Japan, Korea, Arabia, Ottoman or Byzantium and start building your own city to become the most powerful one in the kingdom!Each nation has its own unique pros and cons. Which European wrote the first travelogue detailing China's history, culture, and art? An important revolution in English architecture was begun by Inigo Jones (15731652). The use of newly invented cannons also significantly aided the French war effort. The only way another country could reach the Indies would be by a western route. Yet there was a darker side to the gallant French king. Lusitanians were successively overrun by Celts, Romans, Visigoths, and Moors (711). Early in 1518 the eighteen-year-old Charles took the throne of Spain. After. For travelling duos (or trios, you saucy minx) there are plenty of cheap rooms in Sri Lanka too. Question Posted by Guest on May 8th 2020 Last Modified: Apr 15th 2021 France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? The ones to avoid are the Arabia, Ottoman and Byzantine civilizations. The Reformation had begun thirteen years earlier, just before Charles became king of Spain. England was also dragged into several unsuccessful naval campaigns against Spain and France during the course of the Thirty Years' War. Trait 3: +20% Hospital Recovery Rate. Thus, from the outset of their arrival in Spain, Jews were separated from Christians. Gama responded by seizing a number of traders and fishermen from the harbor, killing them, and sending a boat filled with their body parts back to the Samuri. "Converted" Muslims who still practiced Islam were called Moriscos. Along the route, the Portuguese started trading posts and supply stations, often by fighting off natives who tried to repel the intruders. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. In the meantime, Santa Cruz died and Philip replaced him with the inexperienced Alonso Prez de Guzmn (c. 15501619), duke of Medina-Sidonia. The church then sent Franciscans and Jesuits (members of Catholic religious orders) into Granada and Valencia to apply pressure on the Moriscos. She was burned at the stake in 1431. The problems started when Isabella died in 1504. Philip's only son, Carlos, was exhibiting bouts of severe mental instability. Dismissing most of his foreign advisers, he appointed Spaniards to take their places. Ferdinand's most brilliant military and political successes were achieved in Italy during the Italian Wars, a series of conflicts in which Spain and France were fighting over control of Naples and Sicily (see discussion of the Italian Wars in "France" section previously in this chapter). (Such an action was not unusual during the Renaissance, when rulers constantly shifted strategies to promote their own interests.) Beneath them were lords (noblemen) and clergymen (church officials), who were granted tracts of land called fiefs (pronounced feefs) by the king. Those who did not confess their sins or undergo genuine conversion were severely punished or executed. The forerunner to the European explorers was the Venetian traveler Marco Polo (12541324). After Marco Polo's explorations, the Mongols, who ruled all of Asia and parts of the European continent, had allowed free overland access to European merchants. The second war of German unification was the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, which settled the question of "smaller" versus "greater" Germany. 3. An able but somewhat colorless ruler, Henry succeeded in establishing the position of his new dynasty, increasing the efficiency of the government, and enhancing the wealth of the monarchy. He was a mem ber of the house of Lancaster, but after he married Elizabeth of York, the War of the Roses officially ended. Essex had numerous clashes with two of the queen's most able ministers, William Cecil (15201598) and his son, Robert Cecil (15631612). Thus, Olivares's usefulness had come to an end. That same year he married Isabella of Portugal. The last group of colonists mysteriously disappeared. The Spaniards' worst fears were realized when Charles's political advisers arrived in Spain. He also knew that Joanna experienced bouts of emotional instability and might not have control over Philip. During Elizabeth's reign England also began emerging as a great sea power, which eventually gave rise to the expansion of the British Empire over the next three centuries. The old and brutal duke was again successful, and the vast dominions of Portugal fell into Philip's hands. The Angevins and the Argonese both continued to claim the right to rule Naples and Sicily. Medina-Sidonia retreated, taking his ships north around the British Isles. The German Empire (officially Deutsches Reich) was the historical German nation state that existed from the unification of Germany in 1871 to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in November 1918, when Germany became a federal republic (the Weimar Republic).. The great abbeys (churches connected with monasteries) were suppressed one by one in the next few years. Religious fanaticism soon intensified. In 1536 Henry discovered that Anne had been unfaithful to him and he had her beheaded. Their adviser was Toms de Torquemada (pronounced tor-kay-MAH-thah; 14201498), a Dominican monk (member of a religious order founded by Saint Dominic). Although Francis had sided with Protestants against his great rival Charles V, he turned against the Waldensians, a group of Protestants in his own country. In one year alone, Francis had spent 5.5 million livres (the French unit of currency at that time) on the war. A learned man himself, James wrote two studies of political theory, The True Law of Free Monarchy (1598) and Baslikon doron ("Royal gift"; 1599). Here Puritan France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? . Another concern was that the noblemen of Castile supported Philip because they hoped he would rule in their favor. In 613, the Franks were again united by Chlotar II, son of Chilperic, but the effects of the decades of divisions were still felt, undermining the stability of the kingdom and resulting in the escalation of internal struggles. The Netherlands had always been the Spanish territory closest to Charles's heart, and many noblemen wept during his speech. In 1094 Henry of Burgundy was given the county of Portugal by the king of Castile and Len for his success against the Moors. Most settled in North Africa, while others went to Turkey, France, and Italy. Answers. The king personally commanded English The king was a member of the house of Lancaster, and many blamed him for the loss of the Hundred Henry finally had a male heir in 1537, when his third wife, Jane Seymour (c. 15091537), gave birth to their son Edward. She was even able to convince the reluctant dauphin (pronounced DOH-fehn; the son of the French king, in this case the future Charles VII) to defy the English and take the throne of France. Elizabeth was highly educated. More nations are being added in the next updates. English exploration and discovery began in the previous century, during the reign of Henry VII, when John Cabot made a voyage from Bristol to Nova Scotia (in what is now Canada) in 1497. The Spanish had rights to all lands west of the longitudinal Line of Demarcation, while Portugal could claim everything to the east. Francia. At the end of the tenth century, Hugh Capet (c. 938996; ruled 98796) founded the line of French kings that ruled the country for the next eight hundred years. The German artist Hans Holbein was Henry's court painter, and the English scholar Thomas Elyot was one of his secretaries. After a couple of failed attempts, English settlements were established in Virginia and Massachusetts, later spreading into Maryland and Pennsylvania. In 1502 Moriscos were also given the choice of converting to Christianity leaders met with the king and some of the officers of the Anglican Church. There have been hundreds, if not thousands, of different kingdoms throughout history. After this bloody victory, while looting the city, Henry first glimpsed the riches of African trade that had come from the Indies: cinnamon, pepper, cloves, ginger, and other spices. They wanted to regain power that had been taken from them by Ferdinand and Isabella over the past twenty years. Under her command, the French won several important battles. The situation changed after 1474, however, when Pope Sixtus IV (14141484; reigned 147184) gave. Under feudalism, which was based on an agricultural economy, distinct social classes were dependent on one another through a complex system of pledging loyalty in exchange for goods and services. Henry the Navigtor believed the mission would be dangerous if undertaken by sea. One of the most powerful Capetians was William II (c. 10281087), the duke of Normandy, a duchy in northwestern France. In 1489 Charles VIII was offered the crown of Naples by Pope Innocent VIII (14321492; reigned 148492). Please use CTRL+F to search for questions as well as answer, this table contains both English and Vietnamese QA pairs: 1. kingdom definition: 1. a country ruled by a king or queen: 2. an area that is controlled by a particular person or. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? France during the eleventh and early twelfth centuries. Much of the wealth seized from the religious houses was spent on warfare. Giving in to pressure from the noblemen and Charles's Flemish advisers, Ferdinand rewrote his will and named Charles as his heir. In 1470, with the support of King Louis XI of France (14231483, ruled 146183), the house of Lancaster managed to return Henry VI and Margaret to the throne. Ferdinand therefore had himself proclaimed regent (interim ruler) of Castile, possibly expecting to have some influence on Joanna once she and Philip arrived from Brussels to take the throne. Hernando de Soto (c. 14961542) navigated the Mississippi River, and Francisco de Coronado (15101554) traveled through territory that is now northern Mexico A: Enemy Elim . In 1233 Pope Gregory IX (c. 11701241; reigned 122741) established the Inquisition (now known as the medieval Inquisition; see "Inquisition" in Chapter 1). When she refused his proposal he realized that England could never be a Catholic country. However, the date of retrieval is often important. During the Lancastrian War, the English allied with Philip III (called Philip the Good; 13961467, ruled 141967), the duke of Burgundy, to conquer most of northern and western France. James's reign was troubled by his insistence upon ruling by divine right (the concept that a king is chosen directly by God). A pet project was the renovation of the royal palaces at Blois, Chambord, Fontainebleau, and the Louvre. John of Austria (1547-1578), the illegitimate half-brother of King Philip II of Spain, distinguished himself as a mil, The Rise of Falsafah: The Philosophical Tradition, The Rise of Biotechnology as Big Business, The Rise and Practice of Inoculation in the 1700s, The Rise and Fall of the Phlogiston Theory of Fire, The Rise of Probabilistic and Statistical Thinking, The Rise of Revolutionary Sentiment in France and Its Impact on the Theater, The Rise of Rome (3rd century bce to 2nd century ce, The Rise of the Appropriate Technology Movement, The Rise of the Phlogiston Theory of Fire. Francis was also forced to make peace by 1529. Renaissance thought emphasized pursuit of the arts and sciences, the achievement of personal glory, and commercial expansion. Yet Elizabeth is best remembered for her accomplishments, such as strengthening the Anglican Church and keeping government finances stable. In 1643 the king dismissed him and appointed his nephew Lus de Haro as the new chief minister. During her brief five-year reign, nearly three hundred people were burned at the stake. Christians were becoming impatient because only a few Moriscos had actually converted. 6. when he began competing against Charles I, the young king of Spain. The Concordat marked a high point in the struggle over the question of the monarch's sovereignty, which had divided France into two camps. He made similar alliances with Portugal. In the sixteenth century the Argonese cause was adopted by the Habsburgs (a royal family with branches in Austria and Spain) when Charles I, a member of the Habsburg family, became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). While they were less numerous in Catalonia, Castile, Estremadura, and Andalusia, Moriscos comprised about one-fifth of the population (50,000 people) in Aragon and one-third of the population (100,000 people) of Valencia. He often broke treaties, and on occasion he even allied with Muslims and Protestants to oppose Catholic Spain. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). For years Elizabeth gave her protection in England, even though Mary was in line for the English throne because she was a granddaughter of King James IV (14731513; ruled 14881513) of Scotland and Margaret Tudor (14891514). continent, scores of European traders managed to return from Cathay and the islands with valuable goods. Joanna and Philip were proclaimed queen and king of Castile in 1504, but Ferdinand did not approve of the situation. Henry and Margaret fled to Scotland, where she continued her opposition to the house of York. According to an official report, when the soldiers reached the city they were so upset by the corruption of the Roman clergy that they committed atrocities. The Visigoths were a nomadic Germanic tribe which flourished in Europe during the time of the Romans. Storm after storm seemed to come from nowhere to pound the galleons as they desperately tried to sail around the British Isles. The name Portugal comes from the ancient port city of Portus Cale (now Porto), at the mouth of the Douro River, where the Portuguese monarchy began. Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII (14621515; ruled 14981515), joined Swiss troops and Ferdinand of Aragon to overthrow Sforza rule in Naples. The Genoan seafarer Christopher Columbus believed that the western route would actually be shorter. Serfs started escaping to urban areas in search of work. Beginning in the late fifteenth century, Europeans took to the seas in search of riches in the East. Now he accepted a number of Lutheran doctrines, such as rejection of the pope as God's sole representative on Earth. Feudalism began to decline in the eleventh century with the rise of capitalism, an economy based on investing money and earning profits from business ventures. This Empire itself arose from the incomplete fusion of the Germanic-speaking Franks with the Romance-speaking Gauls from c. 500 on. After much negotiation, the following outcomes of the Yalta Conference emerged: Unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany, the division of Germany and Berlin into four occupational zones controlled by the United States, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union. The humanist ideas associated with the English Renaissance had begun to filter into England before Henry took the throne but were firmly established only during his reign. They often involved elaborate scenery and costumes as well as music. In the aftermath of Marignano, Francis took the duchy of Milan, and Pope Leo X(14751521; reigned 151321) gave him neighboring Parma and Piacenza. Elizabeth was followed by James VI of Scotland, who became King James I of England (ruled 160325). To many Europeans at the time, this was Philip's most impressive achievement. Many Moriscos paid considerable sums of money to Catholic Church officials so they could stay in the country. Sitting on horses in their gleaming armor, the Spaniards looked like gods to the Aztec. They did not share a collective identity or a common culture. Marco Polo. or leaving the dominion of Castile. The Christians were trying to recapture the Holy Land (called Palestine at the time; the territory is now in parts of Israel, Jordan, and Egypt), which they considered sacred because it was the place where Jesus of Nazareth founded Christianity. Gama's handling of the Samuri's diplomatic efforts was only a hint of the brutality later committed by the Portuguese invasion force in Asia and the Indies. Philip was convinced, however, that God had chosen him for a special mission to defend the Catholic faith. A major threat to Elizabeth's security were various plots associated with Mary Stuart (15421587), queen of Scots (ruled Scotland, 154267). Protestantism now reached its highest point in English history. Yet she also spent excessive amounts of money on the "Cult of Gloriana," staging grand pageants and spectacles to impress the English people. They He improperly anchored the fleet, thus leaving an opening for a squadron of English fire ships to set the Armada ablaze. Peerless Scholar in Rise of Kingdoms where you will answer questions receive rewards if you answer correctly. They rarely called meetings of the Cortes (Parliament, or central law-making body) and they appointed middle-class people to government offices. Francis's reign had an impressive beginning. In 1534 French navigator Jacques Cartier (14911557) joined the search for a Northwest Passage to China. When Essex returned to England, Elizabeth reluctantly withdrew her patronage from him. Charles's younger brother, Ferdinand, was named Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1558. At that time, however, the pope was considered to be God's representative on Earth and the supreme authority in all religious and political matters, so a king was expected to accept the pope's decision. The election day became the starting date permanently with Sigismund. They had used the borrowed money to bribe imperial electors, the voting representatives who selected Charles as emperor. By the mid-eighteenth century, virtually all of the world, including the continents of the Americas, became known to Europeans. In 2022, the game reached its peak. In 1577 Requesens was replaced by John of Austria. . The Hundred Years' War was the outcome of disputes between the ruling families of England and France, the Plantagenets (pronounced plan-TAJ-eh-nets) in England and the Capetians (pronounced keh-PEE-shehns) in France. In 771, Charlemagne became king of the Franks, a Germanic tribe in present-day Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the . He won a decisive victory at Agincourt (now Azincourt), a village in northern France, and instantly became a hero in England. In fact, only the Dutch had any success in attacking European empires in America. Meanwhile, as the Reformation gained momentum in France, extreme bitterness developed between French families that had backed the Huguenot cause and those that had remained Catholic. Tons of silver from the mines of Potosi as well as Mexican and Peruvian gold and gems were streaming into Spanish ports aboard giant galleons (the large, heavy ships used by Spain). democratic rule. In 1652 Philip sent an army under his illegitimate son John of Austria (16291679) to Barcelona. Monarchies used to rule the world. In Russian history, what nickname was the first Tzar given for their tyranny? Charlemagne's Rise to Power. By the early seventeenth century, however, Spanish people had become convinced that Moriscos were plotting with Muslim and Protestant enemies to overthrow the Catholic state. She was an accomplished performer on the virginal, the keyboard instrument named in honor of her status as the Virgin QueenElizabeth refused to get married because she had devoted her life to her country. You can also join with your friends to an alliance and thus have more strength of map control. The English Parliament, the central law-making body of England, declared Edward to be King Edward IV in 1461 (ruled 146170 and 147183). Charlemagne was a medieval emperor who ruled much of Western Europe from 768 to 814. The stage was set for what was then, and is perhaps still, the greatest ocean voyage ever accomplished: the circumnavigation of the globe. At the beginning of the Tudor era the religious houses owned as much as one-fourth of all land in England. The Kingdom of Italy was created in. Even more ruthless than Corts was Francisco Pizzaro. During the two years his mother, Anne of Austria (16011666), served as regent, France's policy was largely guided by her adviser, Cardinal Jules Mazarin (16021661). During the 1590s, she struggled to keep her government from going bankrupt. The Muslim conquest was economically attractive to Jews, since it opened the markets of North Africa as well as of the entire Muslim world as far away as India. The Catholic sovereigns had specific goals: they wanted to bring the remainder of the Iberian Peninsula under their control, crush opposition groups, centralize the government, and unify the Spanish kingdoms. The Portuguese viceroy placed in charge of Portuguese colonization, Alfonso de Albuquerque battered his way across the Indian Ocean. Claiming also that the treaty applied only to the continent of Europe, the French continued to encroach on Spanish commerce in the Atlantic Ocean. The third group from North Africa were Muslim Arabs and Berbers (wandering tribes) called Moors. End of the Merovingian dynasty. In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. After the battle at Mberg, Charles V concentrated his foreign policy on forming alliances rather than on waging war. Louis's mother, Marie de Mdicis (15191589), acted as regent (interim ruler) in the early years of his reign. The young boy learned the Spanish and Italian languages, and he spent his time reading mythology, history, and literature and admiring art. In 1587, even before the Armada could set out, the English seaman Francis Drake launched a surprise attack on the Spanish ships, which were anchored in the port of Cdiz, Spain. As a result, many Jews fled from the region. In walking less than five miles, he counted more than eleven hundred Spanish bodies. He was not interested in intellectual affairs, though his mother, Margaret Beaufort (14431509), countess of Richmond and Derby, did provide patronage for They also wanted to end the use of wedding rings, which were believed to be popish because Catholics wore them. This success was due to able military leadership, development of a full-time professional army, and a taxation system that supported the army. Leading the venture would be an experienced admiral, the marquis of Santa Cruz. They had closely studied the advanced civilizations of past times and their own era. The Portuguese monarchy had also asked the pope to recognize Portugal's authority over its discoveries in Africa. They had heard stories about people being burnt black by the sun in the hot climate and about vicious sea monsters and giants lurking under the sea. One of the first to seek the Northwest Passage was John Cabot, an Italian navigator financed by King Henry VII of England. Most chose to renounce their vows. The meme disagrees with this statement and uses Israel as an example. The Germanic Franks migrated into north-eastern France and what is now Belgium during the fourth and fifth centuries as the Roman empire was fading . It was moderate in tonethat is, it did not reflect drastic changes from the Roman Catholic worship servicesbut a revision issued in 1552 was radically different. 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rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom